Porcine circovirus 2 and 3 in wild boars in Southern Brazil / Circovírus suíno 2 e 3 em javalis no Sul do Brasil

Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) has a considerable economic impact on the pork industry worldwide for more than two decades. In 2016, a new circovirus, porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), was described; since then, it has been reported to be associated with diseased or even in clinically healthy swine in several countries. Considering the importance of wild boars as reservoirs of swine pathogens and the extensive distribution of these animals in Rio Grande do Sul and throughout the national territory, we searched for PCV2 and PCV3 in twenty-six wild boars coupled with necropsy and histologic examination of the sampled animals. Using PCR, 182 tissue samples were analyzed, including the heart, kidneys, liver, lung, lymph nodes, spleen, and tonsils. PCV2 and PCV3 were detected in 57.7% (15/26) and 15.4% (4/26) of wild boars, respectively. Furthermore, co-infection with PCV2 and PCV3 was detected in one of these animals, with PCV2 or PCV3 DNA detection in multiple organs. Histological examination showed mild to moderate and multifocal lymphoplasmacytic interstitial nephritis distributed randomly throughout the renal cortex, apparently unrelated to PCV2 or PCV3 detection. The wild boar population in Brazil is extensive, indicating the presence of a larger number of swine pathogen hosts. In the present study, more than half of the wild boars harbored PCV2; and although less frequently, PCV3 was also detected. Therefore, free-living wild boars can serve as reservoirs of swine circoviruses in southern Brazil.

O circovírus suíno 2 (PCV2) tem causado impacto econômico na indústria suína em todo o mundo por mais de duas décadas. Em 2016, um novo circovírus foi descrito - circovírus suíno 3 (PCV3) - e desde então tem sido relatado em vários países associado a doenças ou mesmo suínos saudáveis. Diante da importância dos javalis como reservatórios de patógenos suínos, e da ampla distribuição desses animais no Rio Grande do Sul e em todo o território nacional, foi realizada pesquisa de PCV2 e PCV3 em vinte e seis javalis (10 fêmeas e 16 machos). Necropsia e exame histológico foram realizados. Utilizando PCR, foram analisadas 182 amostras de tecidos incluindo: coração, rins, fígado, pulmão, linfonodos, baço e tonsila. PCV2 e PCV3 foram detectados por PCR em 57,7% (15/26) e 15,4% (4/26) dos javalis, respectivamente. Um destes animais estava co-infectado por PCV2 e PCV3. O DNA do PCV2 ou PCV3 foi detectado em multiplos órgãos. No exame histológico foi observada nefrite intersticial linfoplasmocitária multifocal leve a moderada, distribuída aleatoriamente pelo córtex renal, aparentemente sem relação com a detecção de DNA viral. A população de javalis no Brasil é extensa, resultando em maior número de hospedeiros para patógenos de suínos. No presente estudo, mais da metade dos javalis capturados abrigavam PCV2 e, embora menos frequente, PCV3 também foi detectado. Os javalis de vida livre podem servir como reservatórios de circovírus suínos no sul do Brasil.

Seed removal of Araucaria angustifolia by native and invasive mammals in protected areas of Atlantic Forest / Remoção de sementes de Araucaria angustifolia por mamíferos nativos e invasores em áreas protegidas da Mata Atlântica

Abstract Araucaria Forest is one of the most threatened tropical forests in the world. Wild pig (Sus scrofa) are invasive pig that is expanding through these forests and seed removing that would be available to native fauna. Our aim was to evaluate the rates of seed Araucaria (Araucaria angustifolia) removal by both small, medium, and large mammals in areas with and without wild pig. We conducted a seed-removal experiment with three treatments differing in mammals' access to seeds, in areas with and without the occurrence of wild pig. Similar numbers of seeds Araucaria were removed by small, medium and large mammals, even in areas with wild pig. However, we verified that seed removal by small mammals is graduate over time, while large mammals, especially wild pig, remove in one event. So, we recommend long-term studies to investigate competition between wild pig and native biota and the effects of wild pig on seed dispersal and seed survival.

Resumo A floresta de Araucárias é uma das florestas tropicais mais ameaçadas do mundo. O javali (Sus scrofa) é um porco invasor que está se expandindo por essas florestas e removendo sementes que estariam disponíveis para a fauna nativa. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar as taxas de remoção das sementes do pinheiro brasileiro (Araucaria angustifolia) por pequenos, médios e grandes mamíferos, em áreas com e sem javali. Realizamos um experimento de remoção de sementes com três tratamentos diferentes que limitam o acesso das espécies de mamíferos às sementes do pinheiro brasileiro, em áreas com e sem a ocorrência de javalis. Números semelhantes de sementes de pinheiro brasileiro foram removidos por pequenos, médios e grandes mamíferos, mesmo em áreas com javalis. No entanto, verificamos que a remoção de sementes por pequenos mamíferos é gradativa ao longo do tempo, enquanto que grandes mamíferos, especialmente os javalis, removem as sementes em uma única visita. Portanto, recomendamos estudos de longo prazo para investigar a competição entre javalis e biota nativa e os efeitos dos javalis na dispersão e sobrevivência das sementes do pinheiro brasileiro.

Pattern of injuries due to wild animal attack among patients presenting to the emergency department: A retrospective observational study / 中华创伤杂志(英文版)

PURPOSE@#The human-wildlife conflicts (HWCs) causing nuisances and injuries are becoming a growing public health concern over recent years worldwide. We aimed to study the demographic profile, mode of injury, pattern of injury, and outcome of wild animal attack victims presented to the emergency department.@*METHODS@#This retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted in the emergency department of a tertiary-care hospital in Eastern India. Data were retrieved from the medical records from May 2017 to May 2021. Patients of all ages and genders attacked by wild animals and secondary injuries were included in this study. Patients with incomplete data, injuries due to the attack of stray and domestic animals and trauma due to other causes were excluded. Demographic profile, mode of injury, the pattern of injury, injury severity score (ISS), radiological pattern, and outcome were recorded. Statistical analysis with R (version 3.6.1.) was conducted.@*RESULTS@#A total of 411 wild animal attack victims were studied, of which 374 (90.9%) were snakebite injuries and 37 (9.1%) were wild mammalian (WM) attack injuries. The mean age of WM attack victims was 46 years, and the male-to-female ratio was 4:1. Elephant attack injury (40.5%) was the most common WM attack injury reported. Most WM attacks (43.2%) occurred between 4:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. The median ISS was 18.5 (13-28), where 54.2% of patients had polytrauma (ISS>15). Elephant attack was associated with a higher ISS, but the difference was not significant compared to other animal types (p = 0.2). Blunt trauma was common pattern of injury in the elephant attack injury cases. Lacerations and soft tissue injuries were common patterns in other animal attacks. Among snakebites, neurotoxic was the most common type (55.4%), and lower extremity was the most common site involved.@*CONCLUSION@#The young male population is the major victim of HWCs; and elephant is the most common animal involved. There is a need to design scientifically sound preventive strategies for HWCs and to strengthen the preparedness in health establishments to manage victims effectively.

Pestivirus spillover effect: molecular detection of bovine viral diarrhea virus in domestic and feral pigs / Efeito spillover de pestivírus: detecção molecular do vírus da diarreia viral bovina em suínos domésticos e javalis

Pestivirus infections are important in the livestock industries, with infection occurring in cattle, sheep and pigs. The Pestivirus genus of the family Flaviviridae, includes four recognized species: bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus 2 (BVDV-2), border disease virus (BDV), and classical swine fever virus (CSFV). All pestivirus species can infect pigs, therefore accurate and specific pestivirus detection and differentiation is of great importance to assure control measures in swine populations. The aim of the study was the molecular detection of different pestiviruses in domestic and feral pigs. A total of 527 samples (92 pigs and 435 wild boars) were tested for pestiviruses detection using molecular assays. Eleven positive samples (6 wild boars and 5 domestic pigs) were identified using panpestivirus primers targeting the 5'- UTR region of the pestivirus RNA genome. Further all the positive samples were sequentially tested for detection of CSFV, BVDV-1 and BVDV-2 using specific primers. All RNAs were identified as positives for BVDV-1 and no amplification signals were obtained from BVDV-2 and CSFV. The current detection of BVDV-1 in clinical swine specimens highlights the important risk factor of swine population as reservoir and consequently carrier for BVDV.(AU)

As infecções por pestivírus são importantes nas indústrias pecuárias, com infecções em bovinos, ovinos e suínos. O gênero Pestivirus da família Flaviviridae inclui quatro espécies reconhecidas: vírus da diarreia viral bovina 1 (BVDV-1), vírus da diarreia viral bovina 2 (BVDV-2), vírus da doença de fronteira (VDF) e vírus da peste suína clássica (VPSC). Todas as espécies de pestivírus podem infectar porcos, portanto a detecção e diferenciação precisas e específicas de pestivírus são de grande importância para garantir medidas de controle nas populações suínas. O objetivo do estudo foi a detecção molecular de diferentes pestivírus em suínos domésticos e javali. Um total de 527 amostras (92 porcos e 435 javalis) foram testados para detecção de pestivírus usando ensaios moleculares. Onze amostras positivas (6 javalis e 5 porcos domésticos) foram identificadas usando iniciadores de panpestivírus visando a região 5'-UTR do genoma do RNA do pestivírus. Além disso, todas as amostras positivas foram testadas sequencialmente para detecção de VPSC, BVDV-1 e BVDV-2 usando iniciadores específicos. Todos os RNAs foram identificados como positivos para BVDV-1 e nenhum sinal de amplificação foi obtido do BVDV-2 e CSFV. A detecção atual do BVDV-1 em amostras clínicas de suínos destaca o importante fator de risco da população suína como reservatório e consequentemente portador do BVDV.(AU)

Risk of exposure of farms and subsistence nurseries to contact with wild boar in southern Mato Grosso do Sul / Risco de exposição de granjas e criatórios de subsistência ao contato com javalis no sul do Mato Grosso do Sul

With the advancement of wild boar distribution in the rural environment, its impacts are not limited to health in the pig sector, but the requirements for monitoring and control of the species are requirements laid down by the OIE for the recognition of classical swine fever free zone status. The construction of ecological models of favorability or suitability for the occurrence of pest species are necessary tools for the decision making on priority areas of management aiming at risk management. This work aims to map the level of suitability for the occurrence of wild boar in the southern state of Mato Grosso do Sul, as well as to identify the main risk variables for contact with the wild boar and evaluate the biosecurity measures adopted by commercial farms integrated in the south of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul. To evaluate the risk potential of wild boar for commercial and subsistence swine farming in southern Mato Grosso do Sul, a model of environmental suitability was constructed for this species in the swine producing region. This model considered different environmental strata, being the selection of the layers considered the physiological and behavioral characteristics of the species. In parallel, interviews were carried out in a sample of commercial farms integrating the region to survey the perception of the presence of the invasive species and the biosafety measures adopted. The results of this work indicate that the risk of contact among wild boars and animals reared in closed production systems may be high in the study area and only establishment of appropriate biosecurity measures that consider the characteristics and habits of the boar may prevent the intrusion of this species and contact with domestic swine. The built model can be considered of high reliability and it is recommended to apply it to other areas of the state, being a useful tool for the productive sector, environmental agencies and decision makers.(AU)

Com o avanço da distribuição do javali no ambiente rural, seus impactos não se restringem somente a sanidade suidea, embora as exigências quanto ao monitoramento e controle da espécie sejam exigências previstas pela OIE, para o reconhecimento do status de zona livre de peste suína clássica. A construção de modelos ecológicos de favorabilidade ou adequabilidade para a ocorrência de espécies-praga são ferramentas necessárias para as tomadas de decisão sobre áreas prioritárias de manejo visando gestão de risco. Este trabalho objetiva mapear o nível de adequabilidade para a ocorrência de javalis no sul do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, bem como levantar as principais variáveis de risco para o contato com o javali asselvajado e avaliar as medidas de biosseguridade adotadas por granjas comerciais integradas no sul do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Para avaliar o potencial de risco exercido pelos javalis para a suinocultura comercial e de subsistência nesta região foi construído um modelo de adequabilidade ambiental para essa espécie na região produtora de suínos. Esse modelo considerou diferentes estratos ambientais, sendo que para a seleção das camadas consideram-se características fisiológicas e comportamentais da espécie. Em paralelo, entrevistas foram realizadas em uma amostragem de granjas comerciais de integração da região para levantamento da percepção quanto a presença da espécie invasora e as medidas de biossegurança adotadas. Os resultados desse trabalho indicam que o risco de contato entre javalis de vida livre e os animais criados em sistemas de produção fechados pode ser alto na área de estudo e somente estabelecimento de medidas de biosseguridade apropriadas, que considerem as características e hábitos do javali poderá impedir a intrusão dessa espécie e o contato com os suínos domésticos. O modelo construído pode ser considerado de elevada confiabilidade e recomenda-se a sua aplicação para as outras áreas do estado, sendo uma ferramenta útil para o setor produtivo, os órgãos ambientais e os tomadores de decisão.(AU)

Wild pig (Sus scrofa L.) occupancy patterns in the Brazilian Atlantic forest / Padrões de ocupação do javali (Sus scrofa L.) na Mata Atlântica brasileira

Abstract: Despite the great impacts of invasive wild pig (Sus scrofa) to natural ecosystems, habitat use by this species in the neotropics remains poorly studied. Here, we investigated the effects of local habitat and landscape covariates (vegetation types, running watercourses and roads) on occupancy patterns of wild pig in the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil. We used single season occupancy modeling to estimate detection (p) and occupancy (ψ) probabilities, using 8-day camera-trap monitoring of 100 sampled sites. The cameras detected wild pig in 64 sites (naïve occupancy = 64 %). The four best models explained 72.7 % of the occupancy patterns, and the top model (with "water" variable) had a weight of 28.5 %. Even though none of the tested variables had high explanatory power of wild pig occupancy, the water variable had a negative effect trend (β = -1.124; SE = 0.734), with 59 % of occupancy when water was present and 82 % when it was absent around the sampling sites. Vestiges of the presence of wild pig in different vegetation types revealed that they used plantations of Pinus sp., native forests, and corn and oat crops. The occupation pattern shows that wild pig are generalist at our study site at the Atlantic Forest being found everywhere, raising ecological and economic concerns about the high potential negative effects of its invasion.

Resumo: Apesar dos grandes impactos da invasão do javali (Sus scrofa) nos ecossistemas naturais, o uso de hábitats por esta espécie nos neotrópicos ainda permanece pouco estudado. Aqui, nós investigamos os efeitos do hábitat local e de covariáveis da paisagem (tipos de vegetação, cursos d'água e estradas) sobre os padrões de ocupação do javali na Mata Atlântica do sul do Brasil. Utilizamos a modelagem de ocupação de estação única para estimar as probabilidades de detecção (p) e de ocupação (ψ) dos javalis, usando monitoramento de armadilha fotográfica por 8 dias em 100 locais. As câmeras detectaram javalis em 64 locais (ocupação ingênua = 64%). Os quatro melhores modelos explicaram 72,7% dos padrões de ocupação, e o melhor modelo (com variável "água") teve um peso de 28,5%. Embora nenhuma das variáveis testadas apresentaram alto poder explicativo na ocupação do javali, a variável água foi a que contribuiu com uma tendência de efeito negativo (β = -1,124; SE = 0,734), com 59% de ocupação quando a água estava presente e 82% quando estava ausente nos pontos de amostragem. Vestígios da presença de javali em diferentes tipos de vegetação revelaram que eles utilizaram plantações de Pinus sp., florestas nativas e culturas de milho e aveia. O padrão de ocupação mostra que o javali é extremamente generalista em nosso local de estudo na Mata Atlântica, sendo encontrado em todos os lugares, o que levanta preocupações ecológicas e econômicas sobre os potenciais efeitos negativos de sua invasão.

Detection of Toxoplasma gondii infection in feral wild boars (Sus scrofa) through indirect hemagglutination and PCR / Detecção de infecção por Toxoplasma gondii através da hemaglutinação indireta e PCR em javalis (Sus scrofa) de vida livre

ABSTRACT: Wild boars (Sus scrofa) have become an important invasive species in all Brazilian regions. Increase in their population causes damage to rural properties, as they invade and destroy crops. To protect their crops and farm animals, producers hunt wild boars and often consume the product without any sanitary control, becoming exposed to various types of pathogens, including Toxoplasma gondii. Sanitary evaluations of these animals are scarce, especially in relation to the protozoan T. gondii. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of this pathogen in wild boars in Brazil. We analyzed 122 blood samples from wild boars (blood clots and serum), collected between 2014 and 2016 in five Brazilian states, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and indirect hemagglutination (IH) techniques. In total, 33 (27%) samples were positive by at least one test, 16 (13.1%) were positive by PCR, 19 (15.6%) were positive by IH, and only 2 (1.6%) were positive by both tests. The lack of sanitary management of feral animals increases the incidence of infections, and the consumption of raw or inadequately cooked meat may become a potential source of infection for humans in Brazil.

RESUMO: Os javalis (Sus scrofa) tornaram-se uma importante espécie invasora em todas as regiões do Brasil. Com o aumento de sua população causam danos em propriedades rurais, invadindo e destruindo lavouras. Como alternativa para proteger suas culturas e criações, os produtores os caçam e muitas vezes consomem o produto sem qualquer tipo de controle sanitário, expondo esses consumidores a diversos tipos de patógenos, entre eles o Toxoplasma gondii. Avaliações sanitárias destes animais são escassas, principalmente, em relação ao protozoário T. gondii. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência deste patógeno em javalis de vida livre no Brasil. Foram analisadas 122 amostras de sangue de javalis (coágulos sanguíneos e soro), coletadas entre os anos de 2014 a 2016, de cinco estados do Brasil, através da técnica da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) e da técnica de hemaglutinação indireta (HI). No total, 33 (27%) amostras foram positivas em pelo menos um teste, sendo 16 (13,1%) na PCR e 19 (15,6%) na IH e apenas 2 (1,6%) em ambos os testes. A falta de manejo sanitário dos animais ferais aumenta a incidência de possíveis infecções e o consumo da carne crua ou sem cocção adequada pode vir a ser potencial fonte de infecção para humanos.

Genetic identification of astroviruses in wild boars

Astroviruses are widely detected in pigs but their detection in wild boars is rather sporadic. In this study, astroviruses were detected in organ homogenates of wild boars by applying nested reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and the typing was carried out by phylogenetic analysis. Overall, 30/200 (15.0%) homogenates were positive for astroviruses. Genetic typing revealed that of 13 amplicons analyzed, 8 were typed as porcine astrovirus lineage 2 (PAstV-2), 2 as lineage 4 (PAstV-4), 2 identical sequences were grouped with chicken astrovirus, and 1 sequence belonged to a bat astrovirus lineage. This first identification of chicken and bat astroviruses in wild boars indicates interspecies transmission.

Ingestion of Gnathostoma infection in 1 case / 中国人兽共患病学报

The clinical manifestations,diagnosis and treatment process of the Gnathostoma infected patient were collected,and epidemiological investigation was carried out.The investigation results showed that the patients with eating wild boar in stomach nematode,the worms were removed by gastroscopy and examined by microscopy,small spines in the body,the spines of the posterior part and the posterior part of the body are thinner.The patient was confirmed cases of infection by Gnathostoma.

Identification of Tick Species Collected from Wild Boars and Habitats of Wild Boars and Domestic Pigs in the Republic of Korea

Tick is one of the most important arthropods in the transmission of vector-borne diseases. In this study, we investigated the abundance and species of ticks associated with swine and their habitats to assess the risk of spread of tick-borne diseases in host species, such as wild boars. Ticks were collected from 24 grazing or traditionally reared domestic pig farms and 8 habitats of wild boars in 8 provinces and 1 city in the Republic of Korea, by using the dragging and flagging methods. Ticks were also collected directly from 49 wild boars by using fine forceps. A total of 9,846 hard ticks were collected, including 4,977 Haemaphysalis longicornis, 4,313 Haemaphysalis flava, 508 Ixodes nipponensis, 1 Ixodes turdus, and 47 Amblyomma testudinarium. A total of 240 hard ticks were collected from 49 wild boars, including 109 H. flava, 84 H. longicornis, and 47 A. testudinarium. A total of 578 hard ticks were collected from areas around domestic pig farms. Only 2 hard tick species, 546 H. longicornis and 32 H. flava, were collected from these areas. A total of 9,028 hard ticks were collected from wild boars of 8 habitats, including 4,347 H. longicornis, 4,172 H. flava, 508 I. nipponensis, and 1 I. turdus. A. testudinarium was collected only from wild boars, and I. nipponensis and I. turdus were collected only from the habitats of wild boars.

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii Infection in Wild Boars, Wild Rabbits, and Wild Chickens in Hubei Province, China

Toxoplasma gondii causes serious infection worldwide in humans and animals. In this study, the seroepidemiology of toxoplasmosis was investigated in wild boars (Sus scrofa) (n=377), wild rabbits (cape hare, Lapus capensis) (n=331), and wild chickens (red junglefwol, Gallus gallus) (n=571) in 4 forested and country sided area of Hubei province of China. For this, blood samples were collected and tested by indirect hemagglutination test (IHA). The seroprevalence was found to be 7.2%, 5.1%, and 12.6% in wild boars, rabbits, and chickens, respectively, with significant differences among these species. The prevalence of T. gondii infection in male and female wild boars was found to be 7.9% and 6.5% (P<0.01), in male and female rabbits was 5.6% and 4.9% (P<0.01), and in male and female chickens was 17.1% and 7.7% (P<0.01), respectively, with significant differences between 2 genders of chickens (P<0.01). The findings of this study may help in planning of the prevention measures against T. gondii infection in wild animals in this area.

New Definitive Hosts and Differential Body Indices of Isthmiophora hortensis (Digenea: Echinostomatidae)

The present study was performed to record new definitive hosts of Isthmiophora hortensis, and to describe morphological characteristics derived from a variety of worm samples for clarification of its taxonomic validity. Morphological characteristics with dimensions were observed in worm samples (n=21) from naturally infected wild animals, including a raccoon dog Nyctereutes procyonoides from Gimhae-si (City), Gyeongsangnam-do, stray cats and a striped field mouse from several localities, and a wild boar Sus scrofa, from Gurye-gun (County), Jeollanam-do. In addition, adult flukes (n=45) recovered in albino rats experimentally infected with the metacercariae from a freshwater fish species were also subjected to morphological studies. The mean ratios of the body length (BL) to body width (BW) were 5.86 and 5.76 in worms from wild animals and experimental rats, respectively. Those of the ventral sucker to oral sucker were 2.92 and 3.01 in worms from 2 groups. The mean percentages of the hindbody length (HBL) to BL were 42.1 and 41.2 in 2 groups. Those of uterine fields to BL were 9.8 and 12.2 in the 2 worm groups. By the present study, the 2 species of wild animals, the raccoon dog and wild boar, have been added as new definitive hosts for I. hortensis. The morphological characteristics of adult flukes derived from a variety of host source were redescribed to support the taxonomic validity of this echinostome species.

Cross-Reactivity of Porcine Immunoglobulin A Antibodies with Fecal Immunoglobulins of Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) and Other Animal Species

Fecal samples obtained from wild boar habitats are useful for the surveillance of diseases in wild boar populations; however, it is difficult to determine the species of origin of feces collected in natural habitats. In this study, a fecal IgA ELISA was evaluated as a method for identifying the porcine species from fecal samples. Both domestic pigs (Sus scrofa domestica) and wild boars (Sus scrofa coreanus) showed significantly higher levels of fecal IgA than other animal species. Additionally, age dependent changes in the level of Ig A in wild boars and domestic pigs were identified; Titers of Ig A were highest in suckling period and lowest in weanling period.

Seroprevalence of Trichinella sp. in Wild Boars (Sus scrofa) from Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, Korea

A total 7 outbreaks of trichinellosis have occurred in Korea, mostly as a result of consumption of raw wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat. Since only 1 serological survey on wild boars had yet been performed in Korea, the present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of trichinellosis in wild boars and some species of rodents by artificial digestion and serological examinations in Yanggu-gun, Gangwon-do, the endemic area of trichinellosis. Both the wild boar and rodent muscle samples revealed no Trichinella larvae by direct examination and artificial digestion method. However, serological examinations revealed that 4 wild boar sera samples out of 118 (3.4%) were positive to Trichinella antigen. Although the recovery of Trichinella larvae ended in a failure, it is proved for the first time that the sylvatic cycle of Trichinella has been maintained in wild boars of Gangwon-do, Korea.

Identification and Prevalence of Globocephalus samoensis (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) among Wild Boars (Sus scrofa coreanus) from Southwestern Regions of Korea

This study describes the first record of Globocephalus samoensis (Nematoda: Ancylostomatidae) recovered in wild boars from southwestern regions of Korea. Gastrointestinal tracts of 111 Korean wild boars (Sus scrofa coreanus) hunted from mountains in Suncheon-si, Gwangyang-si, and Boseong-gun between 2009 and 2012 were examined for their visceral helminths. G. samoensis, as identified by morphological characteristics of the head and tail, were recovered from the small intestine of 51 (45.9%) wild boars. Worms were found from 7 of 28 wild boars (25.0%) from Suncheon-si, 40 of 79 (50.6%) from Gwangyang-si, and all 4 (100%) from Boseong-gun. The length of adult females was 7.2+/-0.5 mm, and the thickest part of the body measured the average 0.47+/-0.03 mm, while those of males were 6.52+/-0.19 and 0.37+/-0.02 mm, respectively. The buccal cavity was equipped with a pair of large and bicuspid subventral lancets near the base of the capsule. The average length of spicules of males was 0.45+/-0.02 mm. By the present study, G. samoensis is recorded for the first time in southwestern regions of Korea. Additionally, morphological characteristics and identification keys provided in the present study will be helpful in the faunistic and taxonomic studies for strongylid nematodes in both domestic and wild pigs. The infection of G. samoensis apparently did not elicit pathologic lesions, as revealed by macroscopic observation during the autopsy of all wild boars in this study.

Comparison of antibiotic resistance profiles for Escherichia coli isolated from wild boar and domestic pig fecal samples / 대한수의학회지

Increasing presence of wild boar around cities and suburban areas is a growing concern with respect to agronomy, environmental ecology, and public safety. In this study, antibiotic resistance profiles of Escherichia (E.) coli isolated from wild boar and domestic pig fecal samples were compared. Eighty E. coli samples were isolated from wild boars. Resistance of the bacteria to 14 common antimicrobial agents used in human and veterinary medicine was evaluated. Ninety-five E. coli isolates from domestic pig farms were used for comparison. Common and distinct antibiotic resistance patterns were observed when comparing wild boar and domestic pig isolates, indicating that wild boars may significantly influence environmental microbiology.

Age and sex-related geometrical variation of ramus mandibulae of Sus scrofa's (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) jaws / Variaciones geométricas del ramus mandibulae en mandíbulas de Sus scrofa (Mammalia: Artiodactyla) según edad y sexo

Morphological variation of the ramus mandibulae of wild Sus scrofa was described and correlated to sex and age differences. Young forms (n=27, 15 males, 12 females) and adults (n=23, 13 males, 10 females) were analyzed through Geometric Morphometrics (2-D) to assess differences between groups. We found significant differences between age- and sex-related shape variations at ramus mandibulae level. Young wild boars present bulky angular process with backward oriented coronoid process, while adults show slender jaw vertical ramus, and orthogonally oriented coronoid process. The ramus mandibulae in female wild boars is more robust and bulky than in males. The morphological changes between young and adult forms are related to alterations in the osteo-muscular jaw complex along wild boars ontogeny. The jaw morphological variations observed in adult wild boars could also be related to dietary differences between sexes.

Se describen las variaciones morfológicas a nivel de la rama mandibular del jabali (Sus scrofa) en función del sexo y la edad. Se analizó material procedente de jabalíes juveniles (n=27, 15 machos y 12 hembras) y adultos (n=23, 13 machos y 10 hembras) a través de la morfometría geométrica (2-D) para valorar diferencias entre grupos. Se encontraron diferencias a nivel de la forma del ángulo mandibular entre edades y sexos, de manera que los individuos juveniles presentaron un ángulo más abultado y un proceso coronoides orientado hacia atrás, mientras que los adultos muestran una rama mandibular más estrecha y vertical, así como, un proceso coronoides orientado ortogonalmente. En las hembras la parte posterior de la mandíbula es más abultada y compacta que en los machos. Los cambios morfológicos entre juveniles y adultos están relacionados con los procesos ontogenéticos que afectan al complejo osteomuscular durante el crecimiento. Por otra parte, las variaciones morfológicas observadas en los adultos podrían tener relación con diferencias en la dieta entre ambos sexos.

Origem e territorio de distribuição da artéria cerebral média em javali (Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeus, 1758) / Origin and distribution of territory in middle cerebral artery wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeus, 1758)

Foram estudados 20 encéfalos de javali (Sus scrofa scrofa), adultos, 14 fêmeas e oito machos, com o sistema arterial corado com látex e fixados por solução aquosa de formaldeído a 10%. A artéria cerebral média em ambos os antímeros, originou-se no ramo rostral da artéria carótida do encéfalo (100%), sendo representado geralmente por dois a cinco vasos arteriais que dirigiram-se laterodorsalmente atingindo a região do trígono olfatório assim como o sulco rinal lateral, preenchendo, no entanto, a fissura transversa do cérebro e distribuindo-se nas porções lateral, dorsolateral, caudolateral e rostrolateral do hemisfério cerebral. O número de vasos arteriais relativos a artéria cerebral média, no antímero direito foi em dois modelos (10% ) a presença de duas artérias, em 13 modelos (65%) a presença de três artérias, em quatro modelos (20%) a presença de quatro artérias e em um modelo (5% ) a presença de cinco artérias. Já no antímero esquerdo encontraram-se em quatro modelos (20% ) a presença de duas artérias, em nove modelos (45%) a existência de três artérias, em seis modelos (30%) a presença de quatro artérias e em um modelo (5%) a presença de cinco artérias.

We studied 20 brains of wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa), adults, 14 females and 08 males, colored latex and fixed in aqueous 10% formaldehyde. The middle cerebral artery on both the sides, has its origin in the rostral branch of the carotid artery of the brain (100%), and generally represented by two to five arteries who went laterodorsalmente reaching the region of the olfactory trigone and the rhinal sulcus lateral filling but the transverse fissure and distributing the lateral portions, dorsolateral, rostrolateral and caudolateral hemisphere. The number of blood vessels on the middle cerebral artery, was in the right antimere two models (10%) the presence of two arteries, 13 models (65%) the presence of three arteries in models (20%) the presence of four arteries and a model (5%) the presence of five arteries. In the left antimere met fourth models (20%) the presence of two arteries, 9 models (45%) the existence of three arteries, in the sixth models (30%) the presence of four arteries and a model (5 %) the presence of five arteries.

Seroepidemiological Survey of Aujeszky's Disease Virus in Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) and Raccoon Dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis) in Korea

Aujeszky's disease caused by Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV) is one of the most important diseases in the pig industry. In this study, we conducted a seroepidemiological survey of ADV in wild boars and raccoon dogs in South Korea. In total, 217 wild boar sera collected between March and August 2013, and 96 raccoon dogs between 2011 and 2012 were screened for the presence of antibodies against ADV. The sero-positive rates in wild boars and raccoon dogs tested for ADV were found to be 3.55% (8/225) and 0% (0/96), respectively. The presence of virus neutralization antibody titer against ADV means that small number of wild boars was infected with ADV and AD may be circulated continuously in Korean wild boar populations, and that wild boars may act as a potential reservoir of ADV. Therefore, to achieve the declaration of AD free, effective preventive measures to block transmission of AD should be taken to the wild boars.

Nem tudo que parece ser, é lesão: aspectos anatômicos, não lesões, artefatos, lesões sem significado clínico e alterações post mortem encontrados na necropsia de suínos domésticos e selvagens (Sus scrofa) / Not everything is an important lesion: anatomical structures, non-lesions, artifacts, lesions without clinical significance, and postmortem findings in domestic and feral pigs (Sus scrofa)

A interpretação das alterações encontradas na necropsia é uma etapa importante para o sucesso do diagnóstico final. Este trabalho tem como objetivo descrever e ilustrar os aspectos anatômicos, não lesões, artefatos, lesões sem significado clínico e alterações post mortem encontradas em suínos domésticos e selvagens. Além disso, também se recomenda técnicas de colheita de tecidos para o diagnóstico de doenças que acometem essa espécie. Os principais aspectos anatômicos e não lesões descritos são fímbrias linguais, quadrilátero esofágico, toro pilórico e demarcação do padrão lobular do fígado (sistema gastrintestinal); tonsilas do palato mole, tecido linfoide associado ao estômago, placas de Peyer do intestino delgado e dobras da margem do baço (sistema hematopoiético); mediastino proeminente do testículo e aréolas da placenta (sistema reprodutor); atelectasia pulmonar e apêndice decidual (feto); e glândulas carpais (sistema tegumentar). Os artefatos de eutanásia abordados são petéquias na superfície do pulmão e rim, falsa anemia por sangria, hemorragia subdural por concussão cerebral, pseudo-infartos do baço e aspecto cerebriforme do intestino delgado. As lesões de pouco significado clínico descritas são cistos renais, linfonodos com pigmento de ferro, papilomas e hemangiomas no escroto, ossos no mesentério e hiperemia da mucosa gástrica. As alterações post mortem comumente encontradas são livor mortis, músculos pálidos, pseudomelanose e líquido serosanguinolento nas cavidades torácica e abdominal em fetos.

The interpretation of the changes observed at necropsy is an important step for the success of the final diagnosis. This article aims to describe and illustrate the anatomical structures, non-lesions, artifacts, lesions without clinical significance and postmortem changes observed in domestic and wild pigs. Moreover, the article also recommends collection techniques of organs or structures for the diagnosis of diseases affecting this species. The main anatomical structures and non-lesions described are marginal lingual papillae, pars oesophagea of the stomach, torus pyloricus, and well demarcated lobular pattern of the liver (gastrointestinal system); tonsils of the soft palate, gastric lymphoid tissue, Peyer's patches of the small intestine, marginal folds of the spleen (hematopoietic system); prominent mediastinum testis and placental areolae (reproductive system); pulmonary atelectasis and periople (fetus); and carpal glands (integumentary system). The discussed artifacts related to euthanasia are petechiae on the surface of the lung and kidney, false anemia due to exsanguination, subdural hemorrhage due to cerebral concussion, pseudoinfarcts of the spleen, and cerebriform appearance of the small intestine. Lesions without clinical significance described are renal cysts, lymph nodes with iron pigment, papillomas and hemangiomas on the scrotum, osseous metaplasia in the mesentery, and hyperemia of the gastric mucosa. Commonly found postmortem changes are livor mortis, pale muscles, pseudomelanosis, and serosanguinous fluid in the thoracic and abdominal cavities of fetuses.